Bioenergy potential of certain local varieties of black currants

Zhidehina T...
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Об авторах:

Zhidehina T...

Аннотация:

Study of net productivity of photosynthesis in leaves of black currant varieties under changing environmental conditions made it possible to distinguish cultivars among local assortment which are characterized by consistently high indicators - Dove Seedling, Kipiana, Little Prince, Chernavka, Shalunya, Bagheera, Tamerlane, Green haze and Elevesta. It has been found that the varieties of Kipiana, Dove seedling, Shalunya, Chernavka, Little Prince and Tamerlane are flexible and show the increasing productivity of photosynthesis to improving the environmental and agronomic conditions. It has been revealed that Little Prince, Bagheera, Chernavka, Elevesta, Tamerlane and Shalunya use assimilates for most productive formation of the crop - Khoz = 40.22; 39.60; 38.82; 34.89; 31.04 and 30.14%, respectively. The optimal combination of NPP of leaves, Khoz and the efficiency of PAR was observed in the varieties of Shalunya, Chernavka, Little Prince and Elevesta.

Ключевые слова:

variety, black currant, leaf net photosynthesis productivity, coefficient of assimilants realization to the yield, photosynthetically active radiation
Цитировать публикацию:
Zhidehina T... Bioenergy potential of certain local varieties of black currants // Russian Journal of Horticulture. – doi: 10.18334/rujoh.2.1.383

Zhidehina, T... .. Russian Journal of Horticulture . doi: 10.18334/rujoh.2.1.383

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All the functions of a living organism, requiring energy expenditure, are carried out by external energy sources. Such a source for autotrophic organisms is sunlight that is converted and stored in the process of photosynthesis in the form of the energy of chemical bonds of organic substances. The biological conversion of solar energy through photosynthesis provides the whole humanity with food, fuel and fiber. [2]. Only 0.1% of the light energy reaching the earth surface is stored by vegetation as the products of photosynthesis, although this value is almost 10 times greater than global energy consumption. [13] One of the priority issues in modern science is photosynthesis assessment as the basis of primary transformation of solar energy and preservation of the ecological balance in the biosphere. In the process of photosynthesis 150 - 200 • 109 tons of organic matter is produced annually, in which 6 - 10 • 1,017 kcal of the transformed energy of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) are stored. [4] Actinometry defines PAR as radiant energy of the sun in the spectral range of 380 - 710 nm [6].

Under conditions of market economy, in connection with the programming of crops it becomes necessary, firstly, to establish the upper limit of the harvest of major crops in different geographical areas according to PAR and values ​​of the coefficient of performance (COP), and secondly, to develop agro-technical basis for reducing the gap between theoretically possible and actual yields. In agricultural production, photosynthesis is used with an efficiency of the fixation of PAR in the crop at 0.1 - 0.5% (sometimes up to 1 - 2%) [4]. From solar radiation energy, flux plants normally absorb 50-100 times more than is stored in the yield. Energy absorption not only provides photosynthesis, but also causes evaporation of water, the weight of which is 200 - 500 times greater than that of the formed yield biomass [8]. Therefore, the task of synthesis and selection of black currants varieties with active photosynthetic apparatus, which allows to construct highly productive plantations in disadvantaged conditions, becomes urgent.

Location and conditions for the research

The research was carried out in 1986 - 2014 years on experimental sites of black currant in the department of small-fruit crops FSBSI of “ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin”. According to agroclimatic directory of the Tambov region [1], the year radiation balance is 37 kcal / cm2. The duration of the day in summer is 15 - 16 hours. The active growing season for berry plants is 140 - 180 days with the sums of positive temperatures of 2700 – 2900° C. The frost-free period lasts about 145 days. The warmest month is July. Its average temperature is 19,2 ° C. During the warm season 300 - 550 mm of rain falls, 160 - 190 mm - in winter. The snow cover thickness can be from 10 - 14 cm to 50 - 52 cm. The coldest month is January whose average temperature is 10,4 ° C.

The research objects

The research objects are 27 black currant varieties approved for use in the production of the Russian Federation (Table. 1).

Table 1

Objects of research

Variety
Originator Institution
Regions of admission*
Bagira
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
2,4,7,9,10,11
Belorusskaja sladkaja
NAS of Belorussia
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11
Veloj
ASRIH named after N.I.Vavolov
1,2,3
Vospominanie
ASRIPI named after I.V.Michurin
6
Vystavochnaja
SRISH named after М.А. Lisavenko
2,10
Detskosel'skaja
LAI
1,2,3,4,5,7,11
Dobraja
LAI
4,5,7
Zeljonaja dymka
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
2,3,5,6,9,10,11
Katjusha
NAS of Belorussia
4,6,7,9
Kipiana
ASRISFC
5
Lentjaj
ASRISFC
2,3,4,7,9
Malen'kij princ
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
5
Minaj Shmyrjov
NAS of Belorussia
3,5,6,7,9,11
Ojebyn
Sweden
1,2,3,4,5,7,9
Pamjat' Michurina
ASIIG and SFC named after I.V. Michurin
3,5,8,9
Sevchanka
ASRI of lupine
3,4,5
Selechenskaja
ASRI of lupine
2,3,5,7,10,11
Sensej
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
3
Sejanec Golubki
SRISH named after М.А. Lisavenko
1,2,3,4,5,7,9,10,11
Sozvezdie
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
4,5,7,8
Tamerlan
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
5,8
Tat'janin den'
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
6
Charovnica
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
5
Chernavka
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
3,5
Chjornyj zhemchug
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
5,6,7,9,10,11
Shalun'ja
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
5
Jelevesta
ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin
7
*Notes: Regions: 1 – North; 2 - North-West; 3 - Central; 4 - Volga-Vyatka; 5 ‑ Central Black Earth; 6 - North Caucasus; 7 – Middle Volga; 8 - Lower Volga; 9 - Ural; 10 - Western Siberia; 11 - East-Siberian.

The methodology of the study

The methodological basis of the research is the theory of photosynthetic productivity, the main provisions of which were designed by A.A. Nichiporovich [5,7], and specified by A.S.Ovsyannikov [9] in relation to the specificity of perennial fruit architecture. In assessing the photosynthetic activity of black currant varieties we examined the following indicators:

- net productivity of photosynthesis of leaves (NPP g/m2 • a day) - the number of grams of dry matter produced by the 1 m2 of leaves per day;

- the rate of assimilants realization to the yield (Khoz,%) - the proportion of assimilants used directly for the formation of economically useful crop [10].

Experimental plantations of black currants were laid down by the scheme 3 x 1 m. Efficiency of solar radiation by agrocenoses wes determined by the formula proposed by A.S.Ovsyannikov [11] for the fruit and berry plantations which allows to evaluate the efficiency of PAR directly by crowns or the whole plantings strip:

q = ∆Ee · 100 , or q = Еe · 100__, where

Qp Σ Qp

∆Ee – average daily accumulation of energy in the biological yield per 1 m2 of crown projection or continuous strip (kcal / m2); Qp – the average daily accumulation of PAR (kcal / m2); Еe – the total energy storage; Σ Qp ‑ the total arrival of PAR.

Results and Discussion

A variety of ecological forms of black currants from different habitats with a wide range of variability of the photosynthetic apparatus creates a realistic picture of the variability of photosynthesis, which offers the possibility to improve the assimilation activities. Studies of physiological efficiency parameters of black currant varieties of different genetic origins showed a considerable range of variation of the value of NPP of leaves [3.14]. Evaluation of black currant varieties, which were accepted for use at different times in the production, has shown that the value of NPP of leaves ranged from 4.72 (Sevchanka) to 11.14 g / m2 • a day (Sejanec golubki), at average for the years of study (Table. 2).

Table 2

NPP of leaves and efficiency of solar energy consumption by different black currant varieties, on average for the period of 1986-2014

Variety
NPP,
g/m2·
a day
Khoz.,
%
COP PAR, %
in biological yield
in economic yield
per 1 m2 of crown projection
per 1 ha
per 1 m2
of crown projection
per 1 ha
Bagira
8,38
39,60
4,20
1,12
1,08
0,25
Belorusskaja sladkaja
7,47
12,06
5,23
1,98
0,41
0,14
Veloj
5,99
58,29
3,75
1,13
1,47
0,44
Vospominanie
7,11
36,43
3,45
1,13
0,92
0,29
Vystavochnaja
7,31
15,29
2,35
0,59
0,19
0,09
Detskosel'skaja
6,98
38,80
1,83
0,49
0,44
0,08
Dobraja
5,78
16,79
2,56
0,48
0,12
0,03
Zeljonaja dymka
8,05
28,05
5,23
1,62
0,95
0,25
Katjusha
7,42
25,06
5,88
2,13
1,12
0,47
Kipiana
8,90
10,00
8,60
2,66
0,58
0,18
Lentjaj
4,79
27,46
5,89
1,09
1,11
0,21
Malen'kij princ
8,81
40,22
4,01
1,31
1,08
0,34
Minaj Shmyrjov
6,54
8,95
2,63
1,45
0,26
0,11
Ojebyn
6,22
29,96
3,49
0,80
0,73
0,17
Pamjat' Michurina
6,59
29,30
3,88
0,86
0,71
0,11
Sevchanka
4,72
38,26
4,26
0,98
1,12
0,26
Selechenskaja
6,31
34,64
5,20
0,98
1,28
0,24
Sensej
7,76
24,25
5,20
1,27
0,77
0,22
Sejanec Golubki
11,14
10,77
4,44
2,33
0,41
0,19
Sozvezdie
7,85
48,35
4,03
1,13
0,97
0,21
Tamerlan
8,16
31,04
4,43
1,56
0,88
0,30
Tat'janin den'
7,19
35,10
3,96
1,68
0,66
0,22
Charovnica
6,38
44,20
3,20
1,11
1,07
0,36
Chernavka
8,60
38,82
4,09
1,38
1,11
0,36
Chjornyj zhemchug
7,54
34,01
4,45
1,11
1,36
0,21
Shalun'ja
8,51
30,14
5,73
1,42
1,30
0,32
Jelevesta
8,01
34,89
3,87
1,14
1,08
0,30
НСР05
0,34
4,87
1,12
0,23
0,19
0,03

Maximum levels of NPP of leaves on average for the years of research were demonstrated by: Sejanec Golubki, Kipiana, Malen'kij princ, Chernavka, Shalun'ja, Bagira, Tamerlan, Zeljonaja dymka and Jelevesta. At grouping of the varieties it was found that the average maximum photosynthetic productivity was shown by varieties of ASRIH named after I.V. Michurin selection - the performance of foreign varieties (Belarus, Sweden) was 12.2% lower and the performance cultivars obtained in other scientific institutions in Russia - 13.0% lower. Apparently, grades obtained in our area, are largely adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the Central Black soil region.

The value of NPP of leaves is a very flexible sign and is subject to variation under the influence of environmental factors. The groups of varieties of black currants, with high value of NPP which has an average coefficient of variation at different years: Sejanec Golubki (V = 18,6%); Kipiana (13.27); Malen'kij princ (16.36); Tamerlan (18.91) and Zeljonaja dymka (17,25). By mathematical analysis we found that several varieties of black currant - Vospominanie, Ojebyn, Charovnica, Jelevesta, Sozvezdie, Chjornyj zhemchug, Bagira show the minimum regression coefficient (b1 = 0,15; 0,30; 0,32; 0,33; 0 50; 0.80; 0.85), they are stable for NPP of leaves. But other varieties – Kipiana, Sejanec Golubki, Shalun'ja, Chernavka, Malen'kij princ, Sensej, Tamerlan, Tat'janin den', Minaj Shmyrjov and Katjusha are more flexible and respond with increasing productivity of photosynthesis to the improvement of the environmental and agronomic conditions.

In our previous studies, it was observed that the early ripening varieties stand out by increased rates of assimilation [2]. Quick change to the next phase, the expression of epigenetic development programs are related to the horizontal regulation of the process. Consequently, the increased rate of development needs to be enhanced by greater energy consumption. In our experiment, the productivity of photosynthesis of early ripening varieties group is 3.6% higher than that of the middle season ones, and 16.0% higher than that of the late-season varieties.

One of the most important areas for further work on the increase of productivity of black currant plantations is the increase in the implementation rate of assimilants to the yield up to 50-60%. The investigated black currant varieties demonstrated Khoz ranges from 8.95 (Minaj Shmyrjov) to 58.29% (Veloy). At a high level of NPP (> 8 g ​​/ m2 • s day) assimilants productively influence on the crop varieties - Malen'kij princ (40.22%), Bagira (39.60), Chernavka (38.82), Jelevesta (34.89) Tamerlan (31.04) and Shalun'ja (30.14). To increase Khoz. it is necessary that the plants be able to accumulate as much organic substances and energy during the second half of the vegetation in their reproductive organs as they accumulate in the first half at heavy use of the photosynthetic apparatus. This requires the selection aimed at maximum possible increase in the absolute and relative size of the reproductive organs at the genetic level, since the value of Khoz. is varying greatly depending on growth conditions and photosynthesis and at its maximum expression is still a typical genotype feature.

Analysis of the data on the effectiveness of the use of solar energy in the black currant plantations shows that the efficiency of COP PAR in the accumulation of total biomass per 1 hectare varies from 0.48 (Dobraja) to 2.66% (Kipiana) and the formation of economically valuable part of its yield is in the range of 0.03 (Dobraja) to 0.47% (Katjusha). It was found that the introduction of foreign varieties to the Central Black soil region (Belorusskaja sladkaja, Katjusha, Minaj Shmyrjov, Ojebyn) is characterized by a high degree of PAR efficiency in the formation of a biomass (57.7%) than for the varieties obtained in ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin. A group of Russian varieties selected by other institutions shows values that are 11.5% lower compared to local varieties by the value of this indicator. However, at the formation of economically-useful part of biomass per 1 ha, all the introduced sorts demonstrate 21.4 and 35.7% lower levels, respectively.

The combination of high levels of NPP of leaves, Khoz and efficiency of PAR in biological and economic yield per 1 ha of plantations was noted for the varieties - Zeljonaja dymka, Shalun'ja, Chernavka, Malen'kij princ, Jelevesta and Bagira.

When calculating the efficiency of PAR in the process of photosynthesis, based on the area occupied by the plants, the analyzed figures increase significantly. It has been established that for formation of the overall biomass per 1 m2 of crown projection, from 1.83 (Detskosel'skaja) to 8.60% (Kipiana) is used, and for economically useful part - 0.12 (Dobraja) - 1.47% (Veloj). Black currant varieties selected by ASRIH named after I.V.Michurin use the energy in the formation of crops, per m2 crown projection it’s ⅓ more efficiently than the varieties of foreign selection and ¼ more efficiently than the varieties developed at other research institutions in Russia.

The optimal combination of NPP value and efficiency of PAR in biological and economic yield per 1 m2 of crown projection was observed in the following varieties - Katjusha, Shalun'ja, Chjornyj zhemchug, Chernavka, Malen'kij princ and Jelevesta.

Thus, it has been found that in the process of selection, new black currant varieties acquired high potentials for photosynthetic productivity. A group of varieties - Shalun'ja, Chernavka, Malen'kij princ and Jelevesta – is characterized by high bioenergy potential. However, for the most part, in the changing environmental conditions, these potentials are not fully realized. It’s possible to increase the efficiency of PAR in the formation of black currant yield by the use of precision technologies of cultivation: increasing the density of planting, optimizing the ratio between light and shadow leaves horizons, accelerating formation of the photosynthetic surface of agrophytocenoses and maintaining its physiological and bioenergetic activity during the growing season, etc.



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